Development of a Communications Plan for a Corporate Website Launch

AWARDS CEREMONY FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATORS AT UNISA on 18 November 2011 GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP PROGRAMME DRAFT COMMUNICATIONS PLAN Background An awards ceremony will be held on 18 November 2011 in Pretoria for 158 Members of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures who have completed the Governance and Leadership Programme. The programme is offered under the auspices of the University of South Africa (UNISA). A total of 293 MPs and MPLs registered for the programme initially but some could not complete their studies on time. The Programme is supported by the South African Legislative Sector, under the guidance of the Speakers’ Forum and Public Administration Leadership Academy, PALAMA. Communication Objectives Parliament considers the role of public representatives to be central in exercising its role as the supreme law-making body in the country. As such, Members of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures need to acquire the requisite skills and competencies that will enable them to approach their work more judiciously and to participate more effectively in Parliamentary processes of law-making, oversight and public participation. Target audience Members of Parliament Members of Provincial Legislatures Speakers’ Forum SALSA General Public Key Messages †¢ The Capacity Building Development Programme enhances Members’ ability to execute their constitutional responsibilities more effectively †¢ Members are able to analyse policy, legislation, strategy more effectively †¢ The role of Parliament and Provincial legislatures is considerably enhanced in the public arena †¢ The South African public gains confidence in the ability of MPs and MPLs to execute their public duties in a responsible manner COMMUNICATION TOOLS Internal Newsletters (Parliament, Legislatures and PALAMA) (Responsibility: Michael Ralo, Gerbrecht van Heerden, PALAMA and provinces) †¢ Intranet and website (Parliament, Legislatures and PALAMA) (Responsibility: Michael Ralo, Gerbrecht van Heerden, PALAMA and provinces) External †¢ Media statement (Radio, TV and print) Action: Media statement drafted, waiting for approval Action: TV, radio and print interviews to be arranged from 14-18 November 2011 Speakers scheduled for interview include the following Members of the Reference Group on Training: Deputy Speaker: National Assembly, Ms NC Mfeketo Deputy Speaker: Free State Legislature, Ms MA Tsopo Speaker: Limpopo Legislature, Mr KA Phala Deputy Speaker: Eastern Cape Legislature, Ms N Moerane-Mamase Deputy Speaker: KwaZulu-Natal Legislature, Mr M Mthimkulu PRINT MEDIA The Star Citizen Beeld Sowetan Daily times City Press Sunday Times Sunday World RADIO & TV Jacaranda Kaya FM yfm SABC Radio News Metro FM Thobela Motswedi Ukhozi Umhlobo Wenene Mohlodi Ligwalagwala SABC TV News Radio 2000 Radio 702 (Responsibility: Michael Ralo, Abe Mokoka – Gauteng Legislature, Sanelisiwe Mbhele – PALAMA and provinces) †¢ Event (Graduation ceremony and gala dinner and photography) (Responsibility: Msimelelo Nyikana, Millie Daweti and Task Team) †¢ Sector-wide publications (Responsibility: Michael Ralo, Parliament) †¢ Sector Annual Report (Responsibility: LSS)

Is the Crucible a Dystopia?

In Arthur Miller’s playwright, The Crucible, the reader is exposed to different examples of what could be considered a dystopian society. A dystopia is a society characterized by human misery and unhappiness. The characteristics of a dystopian society in com/the-crucible-by-arthur-miller/">The Crucible include religious control and this playwright contains a dystopian protagonist.Throughout The Crucible, the townspeople in Salem, Massachusetts are living in a theocratic government. A theocratic government is a government subject to religious authority. In Miller’s playwright the court is often affiliated with the church, therefore the characters can be prosecuted if they are thought to be associated with the Devil. Reverend John Hale believes that â€Å"the Devil is precise† and that â€Å"the marks of his presence are definite as stone.† This statement shows the paranoia of the townspeople and how they thought any wrong doing or any unanswered act was the work of the Devil.The Crucible shares characterization tropes with the dystopia genre such as a dystopian protagonist. John Proctor is a classic Arthur Miller hero, a man who struggles with the incompatibility of his actions with his self-image. He is a member of the Salem society who constantly feels trapped by the sin he has committed. Proctor also believes that the church of Salem is corrupt in the way they trial someone to committing witchcraft. When Reverend Hale comes to question Proctor, Proctor tells him that the accusations are complete nonsense and Hale fires back by stating that all the people he has questioned have confessed to witchcraft.Proctor then questions Reverend Hale by asking â€Å"why not, if they must hang for denyin’ it? There are them that will swear to anything before they’ll hang; have you never thought of that?† Reverend Hale gives Proctor his assurance that he has thought of that before but he has a hard time believing that someone would lie in the name of God. Throughout the story John Proctor does his best to bring the truth upfront in the court of Salem, however, in the end he is not believed.Moreover, The Crucible isn’t considered to be a dystopia. The play does share some characteristics of a dystopia but it does not fit the requirement of taking place in the future. The way Arthur Miller frames 1692 Salem,  Massachusetts as a dystopia is by showing the reader that the townspeople are living under a theocratic government where the only answer to questionable events is witchcraft. Not only can religious oppression and â€Å"naming names† lead to a dystopia-like environment in this play, but the fact that the citizens live in fear of being persecuted also leads to a dystopian society. For this is the true point of The Crucible; to show the reader of the dystopian characteristics this play comprises of and that not only the future can be interpreted as a dystopia but that the people of the pa st, and even the present, can be living in a dystopian society.

Basic Finance :: Business Finance Analysis

The main purpose of studying finance is to gain an understanding of the financial performance of a company, corporation or industry. By looking at a company's financial performance, decisions can be made about many things by many different players. Corporations are rated by different agencies that examine financial records and potential for growth. Fitch ratings are a good example of this. My employer has an A++ Fitch rating. This high rating allows a non-profit company to borrow money at lower interest rates. In a publicly held company, which is one that has shareholders, the main concern is to keep the shareholders happy. Shareholders infuse corporations they believe in (usually based on financial performance) with capital. When a company is considered a poor financial risk, the public will not be in a hurry to buy its stock. So who is affected by finance? Shareholders, as mentioned previously, are the focus in publicly traded companies. They are not the only people who think about financials, however. The CEO, CFO and any other "C" position have accountability to report to the board about the financial performance of the company. Management is responsible for creating and maintaining both capital and operational budgets. Employees are required to maintain certain standards of productivity. Customers are affected by finances as well. Consider gas prices, and how increased costs in production are passed on to the consumer. When looking at a company's finances, there are essentially four items to consider: the income statement, the price earnings ratio, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows, (Block, 2005). The income statement is a tool used to measure profitability over a given period of time, i.e. quarterly, annual. The income statement evaluates the cost of producing goods or services and the money that was made as a result of selling those goods/services. Gross profit and net earnings are two key features to look at. The price earnings ratio measures the relative valuation of earnings, (Block, 2005). This is a way of looking at how your company's stock earnings compare to other companies both within and outside your industry. This ratio is affected by many variables like marketability, sales growth, and the debt-equity structure of a company.

High temperature polymers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

High temperature polymers - Essay Example Introduction: Polymers or most ordinarily known as plastics is used abundantly in a wide range of applications. In fact, they are seen almost anywhere in our daily lives. Polymers are those substances that are composed of individual monomers cross linked with long chains and bonds. They are composed of a long chain of carbon backbone constituted with other elemental contributions such as O,N,S,F, Si and S. Polymers are organic materials. Generally, their basic properties include lightweight, good insulation properties, ductile, low strength, and good noise and vibration dampers. There are plastics used widely in many industries and can even be seen in everyday lives. Majority of the packaging materials seen today uses polymers with varying densities. Polymer molecular structures are large with complex bonds and chains. There are high density polymers and low density polymers. As per molecular structure, these polymers differ in their chain length, chain branching and the inter-chain bonds (Reusch). As a common misconception, polymers are said to be applied in low temperatures as they are known to degrade immediately with the presence of heat and exposure to high temperature. There is however, a special kind of polymer- the high temperature polymer that exudes exemplary properties greatly superior than ordinary ones. Their applications are slowly introduced in the market and little by little replace the more conventional structural materials. High Temperature Polymers: Definition and Properties Plastics as considered with their physical appearance are not known to be used in high temperatures due to misconception that they easily melt with application of heat. This may be true somehow as most plastics found in nature are easily destructed with high temperature. However, there are some kinds of plastics that are designed differently from all the rest. Indeed, there are plastics and polymers that are resistant with temperatures and they are guaranteed to be of bes t application when high temperature and heat are concerned. High temperature polymers are those plastics that can withstand temperatures above 135oC. They are known as the ‘commodity’ plastics and at the moment, it has increased in the percentage in the total plastic usage (Performance 1). These are stable plastic materials derived through lengthy and vigorous research works and innovative inventions of brilliant minds that walked through this life that prove that the synthetic chemistry field has reached maturation. Applications of these materials range widely as there are many technologies where these polymers are used. It is important to note that high temperature polymers have properties that bypassed those ordinary ones. Heat transfer is mostly through conduction. Specific heats have a range of 0.7-2.5 kJ/kg-K. Polymer composites on the other hand have variable specific heats depending on the average weight of the components. Thermal conductivity ranges from 0.1 -0 .2 W/m-K (Tant et al 4). It is also important to note that the value may differ when there is incorporation of other particles in the materials (5). The maximum tensile stress application can reach from 455 kPa or 1820 kPa (6). Properties of composite polymers that are applicable for high temperatures have higher values as compared to other materials. High temperature

Should the UK join the Euro Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should the UK join the Euro - Coursework Example o from both the social and political angles so as to have multi-dimensional outlook and prediction of what that move may mean to the United Kingdom countries. Euro is the currency that states that are within the Eurozonal framework trade with (Verdun, 2006:33). Eurozone consists of about nineteen countries that subscribe to and are constituents of the European Union (EU). Currently United Kingdom uses sterling pounds as its currency of exchange and below is the critical assessment and evaluation that debates on whether UK should join Euro or not. At the end, a clear stance is demonstrated based on the evidence provided. Talks about UK joining the Eurozonal map took a shift when the former Prime Minister Tony Blair and the whole government set five conditions that have to be met for UK to join the Euro. Later on Blair was succeeded by Gordon Brown who maintained the same stance as Blair about UK joining Euro. About seven years ago, Gordon Brown made decision that has until now has been withheld about the zero chances of Britain joining the Euro zone (Owen, 2012:120). Although many economists in Britain at the time when economic crisis was experienced suggested that UK joining the Eurozone would work for the benefit of the nations, these suggestions were greatly condemned and detested by a majority of the citizens including Gordon Brown himself. This period of economic upheaval seemed like it could set United Kingdom to pair with other states of the Eurozone and share the Euro currency but it did not materialize then (Owen, 2012:124). However, there are several reasons why UK should or should not joi n Euro and they have been discussed. It would really serve UK best in the international market if it joins the Euro since it will be best insulated from the many ever changing rates in currency. This is because most of the countries it will be trading with have the same currency (Euro) rather than having pounds and other currencies bring fluctuations in exchange rates.

The jainist and Carvaka approach to ethics Are they compatible Essay

The jainist and Carvaka approach to ethics Are they compatible - Essay Example The Jainist approach to ethics is based on self-denial in a somewhat form of bondage in order to conquer all manners of desire and senses to give up all pleasures and passions (Bilimoria, Prabhu, & Sharma, 2007). They believe that the world is made up of two elementary/ basic parts being the living and the non-living and that life is so precious and should not be tampered with at any time. This principle makes the Jainist to not only be vegetarians but only eat the by-products of living things such as fruits and milk only without terminating a life as they have the view that every living thing has a soul. Jainists have the view that there are innumerable substances whereby each has innumerable aspects, and that there are innumerable atoms and souls in the universe that have innumerable characteristics. They also hold the view that all matter and souls have their own independent existence in what is known as the realist pluralism and that every substance has both positive and negative characters. Jainist also respect other peoples view on something as they believe that every substance has multiple aspects and that the knowledge of human is highly limited and cannot know everything about an object and that every judgement is subject to some conditions and limitations. They believe there is no single statement that can explain the complexity of an object and that the knowledge of a thing is determined in relation to another and is relative. Jaina thinkers also hold the view that every substance has an essential character and an accidental character and that the substance cannot exist without the essential character. In a soul for instance, the essential character is consciousness whereas the accidental character of soul is desire, pain, volitions, pleasures and passions (Bilimoria, Prabhu, & Sharma, 2007). In soul liberation, one has to get rid of the accide3ntal characters of the soul in self-denial in order to live in a manner that is desirable and exemplifies r espect for the universe. Jainist states that association of the body with the soul make the soul to be in bondage and liberation of the soul can only be achieved through separation of matter from the soul. Thus, it is internal and external passion that leads us to bondage and suffering and liberation can only be achieved through differentiation of the body from the soul. Jainist have ultimate respect for life in a principle and believe that one should not even have the thought of terminating a life and that one should abstain from all forms of desires and worldly passions (Bilimoria, Prabhu, & Sharma, 2007). There is also the principle of abstinence from falsehood for one to be able to conquer the accidental character of the soul and the principle of abstinence from theft as property is accorded the sanctity of life and also abstinence from self-indulgence. On the other hand, the Carvaka is sceptical schools of thought that challenges all other schools of thought including Jainism a nd Buddhism and seeks to find the truth. It challenges all the traditional values on ethics and takes a dogmatic and sceptic approach to ethics and even the universe, as it upholds materialism whereby

Israeli-palestinian conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Israeli-palestinian conflict - Essay Example This movement spread in many spheres of Jewish life such as culture, religion, secularism, politics, labor and revisionism. The spread of this kind of nationalism came to the world as a surprised and shock the foundations of several other religious forces such as Islam and Christianity which considered Israelis to be a thing of the past. The arrival of the Zionist forces in the mainstream politics and religion gave way to businessmen especially in the field of agriculture and farming (Beinin & Stein 2006). This was the start of the Jewish settlement in their ancient regions or what they called their homeland. Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots both in politics and in religion. Ever since the war of 1948, the Israelis have outnumbered the Palestinians in Jerusalem leading to an intrusion of the Zionists in the Palestinian politics which caused a severe damage to the established structure. Both Palestinian Muslims and Christians were affected by this invasion which came to them as a shock. It is Zionism which is keeping the Israelis to fight for their entire life. One wonders whether the Israeli Zionism had taken an extremist approach towards attaining the land or had the opposing force, that is, the Palestinian Nationalist Movement become ineffective (Caplan 2010). The places of exile were perfect for the Israeli’s to settle. Babylon and Egypt are regions full of resources and riches. But it was religion which drove the Jews towards the Holy Land of Jerusalem. It goes without saying that the means adopted by the Israeli forces to date are highly illegal although the Arab neighboring nations are not reciprocating the way they should be doing politically (Dowty 2004). Unfortunately countless number of people are killed ruthlessly every passing day. Many billions have already died in the past but the issue of Palestine remains until the followers of all the main religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam come together to put some sense into each othe r. It is also observed that when the solutions are presented for the conflict between the two nations there is a one sided image portrayed greatly depending upon the opinions of the UN, British, American or Israeli government. The conflict worsened as the Israeli forces pushed them next to the Arab state so that it could meet a larger end. The agreement to join hands with the opposing party meant a great deal of chaos. This was however overlooked because Israel’s demand for the partition depended upon the initial behavior of the Palestinians when they first offered some joint endeavor. The above mentioned issues still remain among the two nations. Palestinians were conveniently swept away from politics especially those who had a business approach to politics. Since the regions of occupation are of interest for all the three religions there is no reason why the people should be callously treated. With the end of World War II there were more than sixty thousand Jews who entered the land and started taking over the farmers and Bedouins who induced fear among the Jews for causing disturbance in the hierarchy the Muslims (ProCon.org 2004). Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordan came to the rescue of Palestine. The war of 1948 was fought bravely and with complexity. Israel must recognize one critical point that whatever maybe the solution of these problems, any decade long period of war can bring peace in one of the

Integrated Marketing communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrated Marketing communication - Assignment Example have to be included to create space or new roles and responsibilities brought in by the new concept brought about by the Girls next-door TV show (Clow & Baack, 2012). The external stakeholders include customers, those who watch the TV show and those who are against it. All these people will be affected by the new events because some customers will like the idea and some may not want to be associated with it. The show lovers could be attracted to the Olive Gardens’ restaurants while those who are against the show may decide to cut their link with the restaurants (Clow & Baack, 2012). For casual observers of media, the Sexiest Girls of Olive Garden will appear to be a sponsorship because of several factors. First, the show will feature the name of the restaurant, which to them will mean that it is sponsored by Olive Gardens. Secondly, Olive Garden had not accepted or denied whether it funds the show or not. Therefore, for casual observers of the media, they would ride on the notion that the show is funded by the restaurant. This event is an instance in which damage-control programs were in order. Olive Garden is understood through a brand and image of family, friends and fun. However, despite the fact that Kendra Wilkinson mentioned Olive Garden as a genuine fan and with sincerity, it came as a promotion strategy. This is the damage that the Sexiest Girls of Olive Garden show seems to control. This show is a follow up event of what had already occurred (James, 2007). I agree with Kendra Wilkinson that Olive Garden could afford to appear a little edgy without detracting from its family friendly brand. Olive Garden is not just about family but also about friends and fun. Therefore, appearing edgy would center on the fun part of its brand. Olive Garden will be able to attract the people who watch The Girls Next Door who are not its customers yet. They could join the Olive Garden fraternity as friends or even family because these groups exist among the watchers.

Women in the Bible and Their Gender Roles Essay

Women in the Bible and Their Gender Roles - Essay Example Topics of sexual morality within gender studies have spurred hot debates amongst various scholars. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that sexual morality emanates from the Bible. Perceptions of sexual morality in the contemporary church significantly borrow from the ancient Israelites and the lives of Christians during the life and after the death of Jesus Christ. Many women in the Bible have shaped the perception of contemporary church on gender roles. There is no doubt that the gender roles in which Biblical women subscribed to emanated from a culture that largely differs from contemporary culture. Women in the Bible and Gender Roles The Old Testament vividly describes the life of the ancient Israelites, which shaped the perception of women and gender roles. During the classical period women were considered to be wives in charge of domestic duties and not leaders. The Biblical perspective of women as portrayed in the Old Testament is that they (women) were never expected to participat e in leading a given community (Belleville, 2000). Most women in the Bible during the Old Testament are seen as submissive and helpless as they abide by the directives of the men. From the onset of creation, Eve was created as Adam’s helper. Creating a woman as a man’s helper changed the perception of men towards women during the classical period. Consequently, women were despised and never allowed to take any leadership position within the society. In this perspective, the Bible identifies women as helpers and not leaders. Other than being wives, the other gender role of women in the Bible is being mothers. Many women in the Bible are portrayed as good and caring mothers with very few exceptions (Hancock, 2003). For instance, Moses’ mother was a good and caring mother to the extent that when Moses was born she placed him along the river banks with a view of protecting him (Moses) from Pharaoh. Even when the King’s daughter came across Moses, Mosesâ€℠¢ mother accepted to take care of him (Giles, 2002). This depicts women as mothers besides being wives. In addition, the Bible describes women as those who prepare food for the family, provides a helping hand in the fields, sews, and sells merchandise amongst other functions, which are essential the functions of a mother. Therefore, the Bible portrays women as caring and good mothers who are able to take of their husbands and the whole family (Hancock, 2003). Despite the negative perception with respect to leadership and authority, there are women who excelled more than men when they were in leadership position. This was an indication that what men can do women can also do and in most cases better. For instance, the story of Deborah and Miriam being judge and prophetess respectively is a clear indication that besides being perceived as people who cannot take leadership or authority, women are better leaders than men in some cases. What’s more, the Bible does not identify circ umstances under which God was never pleased with women leaders, an indication that besides being wives and mothers women can take up leadership roles within the society. Other than Debora and Miriam, Hulda was another woman figure that changed the perception of men towards women. Evidently, women in the Bible were not only wives and mothers but also leaders. On a different perspective, the New Testament, which revolves around the times of Jesus Christ, portrays women slightly different from the Old Testament while trying to describe various gender roles. Nonetheless, the New Testament identifies women as good and caring mothers (Groothuis, 1997). Good and caring mothers are seen amongst many women in the New Testament such as Mary mother of Jesus. Mary and Martha are also considered to be caring and

DB 6 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DB 6 - Research Paper Example Deposits refer to clients’ money that are kept with the bank while borrowings are cash and cash equivalents that a banking institution may borrow from other sources such as other commercial banks and the Federal Bank (Union Bank, 2011). Liabilities of a magazine publisher, like those of a newspaper publisher, are however diverse and can be explored in terms of current liabilities and long term liabilities. Current liabilities of the form of business organization are creditors, accrued payroll, prepaid subscriptions, accrued expenses, and outstanding taxes. Portions of long term debts and lease liabilities that falls due in a given accounting period also form part of the publishers’ short term liabilities. Long-term liabilities for the form of business include â€Å"long term debt and capital lease obligations,† â€Å"pension benefits obligations,† â€Å"post retirement benefits obligations† among other long-term commitments (New York Times, 2012, p. 55). Current liabilities of a departmental store such as Macy’s departmental stores however include â€Å"short term debt,† â€Å"merchandise accounts payable,† â€Å"accounts payable and accrued liabilities,† â€Å"income taxes and differed income taxes† and outstanding taxes while long term liabilities are long term debts, outstanding taxes and other forms of long term liabilities (Macy’s, 2012, F-5). Borrowings and outstanding taxes are the common types of liabilities for the three forms of organizations while accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued liabilities and long-term debts are common elements among magazine publishing organizations and departmental stores. Deposits are however unique for a banking institution while prepaid subscriptions are unique for a magazine publishing organization’s balance sheet and merchandise accounts payable is unique among departmental stores (Union Bank, ; New York Times, ; Macy’s, ). Project 2: A report for Alcenon’s management The Corporation leases a large percentage of its operational assets. The choice to make operating leases as opposed to capital lease has aimed at keeping lease debts out of the organization’s balance sheet in order to attain low debt rations in financial reports. Alcenon is currently negotiating a 10-year-lease on an asset whose anticipated useful life is 15 years. Terms of the lease requires ten annual lease payments at $ 20000 per year. The first installment is due at the beginning of the lease term and the value of the leased asset is $ 135180. There is no provision for transfer of title to the lessee and no provision for bargain purchase. Decision into accounting for the lease as an operating lease must however be based on accounting and legal provisions that the management must be informed of. This report explores relevant provisions to accounting for the lease and makes recommendations to the management. Accounting co ncepts for professional and legal regulation of accounting for asset lease differentiate between capital lease and operating lease and knowledge of the differences must be identified before the corporation classifies the lease. One of the factors that the management should consider is the lease duration relative to the asset’

Mlb monopoly market structure Essay Example for Free

Mlb monopoly market structure Essay Major League Baseball (â€Å"MLB†) is the only American Industry that is a self-regulating monopoly exempt from anti-trust law. In 1922, there was the U. S. Supreme Court Case of Federal Baseball Club v. National League and the judge unanimously decided that the Sherman Antitrust Act was not applicable to MLB and could therefore regulate as a monopoly. Furthermore, this decision was later reaffirmed in 1952 and 1972 in two different U. S. Supreme Court cases. This antitrust exemption has given increased monopolistic power to the MLB organization. MLB Monopolistic Characteristics Monopoly is defined as â€Å"A market structure in which there is only a single seller of a good, service, or resource. In antitrust law, a dominant firm that accounts for a very high percentage of total sales within a particular market. † The following characteristics that label the MLB as a Monopoly are the following: (a) one unique firm/product (i. e. , no other industry like the MLB and it’s impossible to duplicate); (b) absence of competition (i. e. , granted from anti-trust laws); (c) profit maximization (i. e. , attendance increasing even as prices increasing); (d). â€Å"Price Makers† (i. e. , control price and possible price discrimination); and (e) impenetrable barriers of entry into market (i. e. , highly unlikely to enter into industry). MLB Controlling Powers Major League Baseball and specifically their team owners can raise ticket and concession prices whenever they want to increase profits. For example, less desirable stadium seats are much lower in price than â€Å"good† seats. The MLB also sets prices based on team location. For example, I know first-hand that prices for the New York Yankees are much higher than those for the Chicago White Sox. In addition to controlling prices, MLB also controls output. They set the season schedule at 162 games with half of those being home games. Since there are limited amounts of homes games owners know that they can keep increasing prices for tickets and concession stands. Conclusion Major League Baseball’s ability to control prices, set extreme difficulty on barriers of entry and to eliminate competition definitely identifies them as a Monopoly market structure. Furthermore their use of pricing strategies, which include setting ticket prices according to the view of the field, discount group pricing for lower attended weekday games and games against lesser teams, discounts for seniors/students/military, increased prices for suites and luxury boxes, and parking priced depending on location to stadium (i. e. , closer parking to stadium is more expensive). However, even with all of these increasing prices and price controls the MLB continues to set attendance records each and every year. I personally love Major League Baseball and I’m willing to pay any prices when I want to go to the ballpark and watch a game. Bibliography/References Haupert, Michael, edit by Robert Whaples. (2007, December 3). The Economic History of Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 26,2011, from EH. Net Encyclopedia Web site: http://eh. net/encyclopedia/article/haupert. mlb McConnell, Campbell R. Economics, 19th Edition. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2012. p. G-18.

Focus group discussion Essay Example for Free

Focus group discussion Essay The research utilized two focus groups to represent the student population being evaluated. Each focus group is comprised of four students with one moderator in charge of the discussion and although it was mentioned that the target number of students for the focus group would be seven, only four students from each group attended the session. The students that were sampled had all previously used or had the necessary experience in handling web 2. 0 applications particularly wikis, blogs, social networking technologies (MySpace, Friendster, etc. ) and other Web 2. 0 applications that were used by the students. For the first part of the discussion, the group focused on introductory remarks particular on how they utilize web 2. 0 applications. Both groups were asked the question (as a discussion opener) on how do they enjoy spending their spare time in the internet. According to group 1, half of the group indicated that they had very limited time when online because of the budgetary constraints and thus they are more apt to utilize all of their time in using web 2. 0 applications for learning purposes. On the other hand, the other half of the group expressed their fondness of being able to enjoy chat while online with their friends and browsing through forums for information (whether education or non-education related information). One common trait for all the participants of the first group is their interest in reading and searching for subjects that interest them with the use of web 2. 0 applications. It is interesting to note that, previously they had mentioned that they were utilizing information only or web 1. 0 applications for information but with the influx of web 2.0 applications, they had found it easier to use and more apt to their style of finding information (Hinchcliffe, 2006). Being that web 2. 0 applications are more interactive and provides a venue for two-way communication, they are able to ask questions, search for groups or communities with their desired information. For the second group, it was indicated that the members of the group with the same background utilize their spare time by chatting online with their friends, particularly with the classmates as some of the members of the group are schoolmates and are friends. They are able to share information particular to current blogs and subjects that interest them as a whole. With this they are able to find information faster as they are able to share insights with each other. In addition, they are able to utilize their spare time while online by browsing through subjects often referred to by their classmates within the focus group. Being that they are also previously acquainted with each other, they are able to use web 2. 0 applications at the same time, often during school breaks where they are able to meet with each other and share community sites such as blogs and wikis that highlight their favourite and desired information. This adds to the value of web 2. 0 applications being a very communal information technology tool it is able to put together people with the use of the internet and information put together. As a follow up to the first question, every member of the two focus groups were asked of their level of familiarity with respect to web 2. 0 technologies. Level of familiarity is defined as the ability of these students being evaluated to first identify with web 2. 0 technologies, their level of being able to proficiency in utilizing such tools and their capacity to use such tools in aspects of their daily lives such as interaction with society, learning and education (Hinchcliffe, 2006). The first group explained that there are familiar with the most common web 2. 0 technologies online. Noted web 2. 0 applications such as blogs, community forums and Wikis were identified the most by the users. The respondents in group one generally expressed their feelings that Web 2. 0 applications have been already been there in our daily lives even before it was formalized as Web 2. 0 technologies. As one respondent explains, Web 2. 0 technologies have been present for a considerable amount of time already and have been used as a means of providing and transferring information between each other. However, with the formal induction of these technologies as Web 2. 0 technologies, further improvement and interest was accorded to it, thus the influx of users and it was more and more integrated into society. Forums for example have existed for a considerable amount of time yet only recently has it been given so much interest and improvement that it has started to occupy a considerable amount of society’s â€Å"online† daily lives (Anderson, 2007). For the second group, they had indicated what Web 2. 0 applications are but have little or no idea of it whatsoever. The students on the other hand had already used web 2. 0 applications such as social bookmarking, calendaring, image sharing, collaborative authoring, video sharing and social networking tools but had not identified under one umbrella such as Web 2. 0 technologies (O’Reilly, 2005). Students under this group were able to identify that they had used Wikis and Rallypoints as a tool to share information with their classmates in their classes but were not aware that these tools were considered as Web 2. 0 technologies. On the other hand, one of the students under this group had expressed that she had a rough understanding of what Web 2. 0 technologies is however had not taken into consideration the other Web 2. 0 technologies existing.

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management Essay

Quality Management In Hospitality Organisation Mcdonalds Management Essay The aim of writing this report is to critically evaluate what is McDonalds approach to quality management from Customer, Franchise and Employees perspectives. Furthermore to explain how they manage service recovery, measure delivery and standards through CSO index and Crew development programme . Also to identify 3 gaps in service quality with recommendations on how they bridge it. The other aim of writing this report is to apply the Jurans theory of service quality to McDonalds. TASK1. Definition of Quality: Feigenbaum has defined Quality as: The total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. (Oakland .J.S, 2005) According to Philip B Crosby: Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, not as goodness or elegance. (Oakland, J. S.) Three stake holders of McDonalds Franchise Employees Customer Franchise Franchise system is the back bone of McDonalds success. In other words many reasons that McDonalds has been able to expand so quickly and achieve its reputation brand recognition has been its effective franchising business model allow the company to expand quickly both domestically and internationally. Franchise systems having uniform operation has made the McDonalds restaurant one most standardized in the world. Not only do all McDonalds sick to offer the same products offering, they intend to offer same food experience for all of its customers. No matter what part of the world you are in. McDonalds franchise network is the worlds heading fast food chain with more than 30,000 restaurants serving 52 million people in 119 countries with 1020 restaurants in the U.K of those stores, More than 70% percent of restaurants are franchise. Franchise have live up the companies expectation and brand standards by providing good quality service, quality food, clean restaurants and happy customers are all very important to McDonalds. How franchise has to live up with brand standard in the following qualityareas: Hygiene Food safety policy Health and safety Policy. Hygiene-: McDonalds been king in fast industry it has take special care of food and hygiene. Management has to be very strict on hygiene because it has to serve millions of customers. McDonalds have highest obligation to our customers to ensure that they are not expose to any risk of infection or illness. It is must to very employees to wash their hands before you commence work, on return from a meal break, after using the toilet, after carrying out cleaning work, after touching face or hair, trash walk, taking delivery or other activities where they may become dirty ( remember you cannot always see dirt).As well as this, hand should be wash should be washed every hour or every half if working in the grill area. glove are available in restaurant for use whilst performing cleaning tasks. Sickness reporting policy:- All food handlers have a responsibility to our employees and customer not to work if they are suffering from food poisoning, or suffering from the symptom of food poising i.e. vomiting or diarrhoea. If you are suffering from these symptom employees will not be allow to work again until no symptom for 48hr period. Failure to report such conditional is an offence under the food safety regulations and may lead to prosecution as well as being classes as an example of gross misconduct. Hygiene and safety department is available in restaurant. Food safety policy:- McDonalds operating procedures are specifically to ensure high quality safe food. These procedures must be adhered to at all time, in particular: Food must not used if it is past its use by or best before date. Food must not be serving if the holding time has expired. The correct equipment and utensil must always be used for each task. Food equipment, utensils and preparation area must be kept clean using Clean As You go (CAYG) procedures. and finally, if something is not right e.g freezer is too warm or piece of equipment is faulty , it should be report the manger immediately. Food should be always look carefully while preparing to serve, if it is not right it should not be serve and should be reported to managers. Health Safety Policy The Franchisee is committed to minimising the risk of damage, ill-health and injury to employees, customer and visitor. This will be achieve by examining our operation and ensuring all necessary system are in place, and resource available , to provide a safe and health work system are in place, we must all work together to identify risky and take action to eliminate them .As with other aspect of our business we shall be seeking to continually improve our performance. This will involve measuring against standard and reviewing progress on regular basis. Customer expectations and perceptions McDonalds Im loving it. McDonalds Promises- Whenever you think of fast food, First thing in mind comes is McDonalds. People expect high standards from McDonalds. Every single product use to make a burger to full meal comes best quality standard. Whenever person order a meal in McDonalds he expect good and quick service with hot food. Food will be hygienic nicely dress and safe to eat. From burger, fries, salad, cold drinks to hot drink every product will be fresh. Employee taking order will always greet u and will be always friendly. Customers enjoy every bit meals in our restaurant. I m loving it will be on very customer mind when ever their think about McDonalds. Importantly, employees need to know exactly what customers, both internal and external, expect of them. Communication should be as detailed and specific as possible, since employees in each work group want feedback they can act upon to improve performance in each job. General feedback from customers (e.g. they want no faults or no errors) is less useful. McDonalds has recognised that complaints, enquiries or positive feedback from customers are important pieces of information. When used properly complaints can help us fine-tune our business and meet our customers requirement. It is these insights that help the Company to keep moving forward. Employees Barriers to quality for employees:- High labour turnover. Work pressure. Training and development. Labour turn over in McDonalds McDonalds is considered as very high labour turn over company. Main reason behind it is that it has about 70% of staff as part timers employees. Staffs are schedule according to busy time especially on Friday, Saturdays and Sundays. Employer takes full advantage of students who are working part time. Student does have any other chose rather work part time according to schedule. Most of students are not satisfied with job so their move on to another job if there gets one. Visa and end of student course is also big issue behind high labour turn over, because when ever international students finish with his course has to move on to their country. Work pressure:- Working in McDonalds is high pressure job especially peak time during breakfast and lunch time. It is busiest place to work in fast food industry. we receive all age customers, not only in restaurant but drive thur as well. Employees have focus on delivering great level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction:- Quality, Service, Cleanness, Value. High labour turns over leads to work pressure because employers have deal with lots of new staff and on job training. This leads confusion between front and kitchen staff. Front staff doesnt receive food at right time from the kitchen which can leads to bad service. Management has to deal with less staff on floor which increases work pressure per staff. Staff also have work long shifts to fill up gap between staff. Training and development Once Crew Members have been recruited, they have to attend a welcome meeting at their chosen restaurant or recruitment centre. This meeting will last an hour and is designed to engage and inform new starters. It involves viewing a DVD which gives important information about the company, and also allows for manager/new starter interaction. The second part of the orientation is a compulsory online Health Safety and Food Safety test that the new starter completes in their own time. The first shift begins with a tour of the store highlighting key Health Safety and Food Safety procedures. It is recommended that this should last for the first two hours of the shift. Staffs recruited have to exam of station where there be working at for example Front, kitchen or back room person. There is also on job training to guide the new staff with floor manager. TASK 1 (II): Customer Satisfaction Opportunity Index (CSO) in McDonalds. What is customer satisfaction opportunity index (CSO) ? Whenever customers choose McDonalds they expect hot fresh food served accurately and quickly in clean restaurant by crew/ managers that are friendly and attentive to their needs. Our customers are telling us in loud and clear words that when they visit McDonalds they expect us to deliver on all of the element of Quality, Service and Cleanliness (QSC). Through analysis from both internal and external data it has been identified that there are five critical QSC drivers of customer satisfaction. There are things customers want to see us deliver on every visit. Quality- hot, fresh and safe to eat products Fast/quick- total experience time under 5minutes Accurate- receive everything ordered including condiments Friendly- friendly and attentive service with effective communication Clean- dining area well maintained, clean toilets and employees. To evaluate how McDonalds restaurant are meeting these critical drivers company had created the CSO index. The CSO is the percentage of visits that miss one or more of the critical drivers of customers satisfaction. This act as a barometer on how well restaurant is meeting the customers expectations when they visit restaurant. Understanding this gives balance into how rate our own performance on measures that are important to us as a company and how are rated directly from the customer. CSO is calculated based on the number of mystery shop visits that miss a critical driver question. If one or more critical drivers are missed , the mystery shop visit is only counted once. for example If 100 mystery shop visited are conducted and 40 of them have one or more crictical drivers missed the CSO will be 40%. The goal is to decrease the number the number of visit that are missing a critical driver. Lower CSO % better performance. Ref-: www.mcdoanld.ac.uk Mystery shopper Mystery guest visits mcdoanlds restaurant twice a month to check CSO point. Mystery guest results is not only is good for franchisee to gain advantage over other restaurant to achieve or to expand company by adding other restaurant. Good result can also result in into bonuses for managers. Key points Mystery guest looks into when visits the restaurant. Greeting/farewell He checks if employees or mangers he talk to were polite and friendly or not? Attentiveness he checks if employees/ mangers came in contact were attentive to customer or not. Effective communication- he checks communication with crew member was clear and easily understood. Service timing- food should be serving in within 5min of the order. Accurate food and drink- Correct order should be taken. Food and drink should be serve with correct sauces. Correct condiments- Have employees provide the customers the proper napkins and straws/ stirrers? Hot fresh sandwiches- Was mel serve hot and fresh and did it taste good. hot and salted fries- were the French fries serve hot ,salted and crisp or your potato product hot and crisp and did they taste good? Clean restaurant interior- was the inside of the restaurant clean? Crew Development Programme Initial Training- When crew is recruited he trained on following standards to achieve the first star. Crew has to clear the written test to order to achieve the first star. Cleanliness foundation. hygiene Food safety Health safety Cleanliness security hospitality 2nd stage . Quality training In quality training crew is trained on following food standards, which can be on job training as well training in class during the quality class. Crew have to clear this stage to clear to achieve 2nd star. Buns dressings grilled product fried product prepping products toasted Deli sandwiches stage 3rd Service classes Employees have to attend service class ones a month to improve standard of service quality regarding beverage serving, food serving and hospitality in order achieve the 3rd star. On passing the test crew is award with star which is display the badge, which show performance the crew. TASK1(III): Service quality gap Gap 1. When promises do not match actual delivery Day starts very early in McDonalds Denham. Been drive thur restaurant we start serving breakfast at 7 a.m, We receive lots of car in drive thur early morning as everyone is rushing to offices or work. Customer expect quick service with hot and hygiene food because McDonalds is famous for its good service. Problem starts when morning shift staff dont turn up on time. Management have to manage with less staff. Ones order is taken in front kitchen staff have to deliver food within 3min which is according to McDonalds service standard. If front staff are not able to serve order with in 3min, customer are advise to seated and have to the car the park if in drive thur and have wait for there food, It can happen at times that order can be missed out and customer will be waiting for more time which can lead to bad service. Change over problems-: Denham McDonald serves breakfast from 7am to 10:30 am but change over from breakfast to main menu start at 10:15 just 15min before main menu. Staff have 15min to organise the restaurant for main menu. kitchen staff have to work really quick to arrange the grills, 3 of out 4 grills are close for cleaning process. During the busy time restaurant have management from one grill. So some time it is not possible to provide food which is required. Customers have to suffer due to change over. Customer expects best service from McDonalds but some time it doesnt happen. McDonald cannot compromise with food safe and hygiene standard. Gap 2. The difference between customer perception and expectation McDonalds is well know not only for excellent service in restaurant but also for drive thur. Customer travelling in car dont have to get down park the car have their meal. McDonald have made it possible by drive thur. Now without taken long break one can have meal in car within 3min of order. And McDonalds have live up to customer expectation by quick service. People do take away food for home. McDonalds do serve fresh and hot food every time but by the time that food reach its destination it become cold. McDonald should provide containers in which food can be stay warm. We do receive complains of food not been warm after some time, we cannot spoil mood of customers so we have to provide fresh food when complained. Gap 3. Communication gap One can expect friendly and quick service from McDonalds. Its is important that employees have good communication within to provide quality service and requirement of customers. Customer are attracted to different kind McDonalds menu. To be different from its competitor McDonald try different food and make changes every 1.5 month for the promotions, but customers have their choices what there want we have made it within service time. For example:- Customer orders Big Mc without sauce or cheese we have to make the special order to make our customer happy. McDonalds understands problems of customer as some customer may problem with some of the ingredients so we have make specially them to make them happy. Communication between front staff and kitchen is necessary to full fill the requirement. Before it was difficult provide especial order at right time in drive thur we had to park the car for especial order. Providing order within service is only if there is good communication between drive thur staff and kitchen in busy times. McDonalds have come up with latest technology by providing micro fone or heads sit. Now kitchen staff have especial device in there ear so there can hear every orders and be ready before time. McDonalds is bridging gap between communications. Task 2. Quality Gurus Joseph M. Juran Joseph M. Juran made many contributions to the field of quality management in his 70+ active working years. His book, the  Quality Control Handbook, is a classic reference for quality engineers. He revolutionized the Japanese philosophy on quality management and in no small way worked to help shape their economy into the industrial leader it is today. Dr. Juran was the first to incorporate the human aspect of quality management which is referred to as Total Quality Management. The process of developing ideas was a gradual one for Dr. Juran. Top management involvement, the Pareto principle, the need for widespread training in quality, the definition of quality as fitness for use, the project-by-project approach to quality improvementthese are the ideas for which Juran is best known, and all emerged gradually. Ref:- http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/juran.asp Similar Dr W Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran is an international applauded quality guru, strongly influencing Japanese manufacturing practises. His belief that Quality does not happen by accident gave rise to the quality trilogy: Quality planning Quality Control Quality Improvement And the Key steps in implementing company-wide strategic goals are: Identify customers and their needs both internal and external and work to meet those needs Create measures of quality, establish optimal quality goals and organise to meet them Create processes capable of meeting quality goals in real operating conditions. In the 1980s Joseph Juran acknowledged that the common approach to total quality management quality awareness campaigns and slogans was not efficient as they did not have substance, and there is no short cut to quality. He believes quality must at the top, grating senior managers who believe training is for junior workers. Ref-: http://www.mftrou.com/joseph-juran.html Quality in McDonalds Our customers are our business. Without them we would have no reason to open our door. Therefore our goal every minute of every hour is to make our customers feel happy who visited McDonalds. We do this by focusing on: QUALITY- McDonalds is famous for quality and keep standard high by using the finest ingredients with the help of the biggest asset of the company the employees in preparing and serving the tastiest food by following the procedures which they are taught. SERVICE Service is best you think like a customer. A caring and respectful attitude and a sincere smile do as much to bring the customers back as the best food in the food. CLEANLINESS Our customers expect and deserve a spotless restaurant. But its not only to make a good impression. A clean restaurant is a safe restaurant. Its very employees job to keep the restaurant clean and hygienic. VALUE- What is a value? Its the total experience our customer have it our restaurants, from the food service, to the dinning area environment, to the price they pay. Its what weve always been know. Delivering great level of QSCV is the best way to achieve 100% customer satisfaction. ref- (McDonalds Franchisees Employee Handbook) McDonalds Identify customers and their needs. McDonalds big amount of regular customers in the market. To build long term business it is important to retain people once they have become customers. McDonalds receives different types of customers. Parents with kids Visit McDonalds to give the children a treat. Children Want to visit McDonalds as it a fun place eats. Business customers Visit McDonalds during the day as service is quick, the food tastes great and can be eaten in the without affecting a busy work schedule. Teenagers Are attracted by the saver menu which is affordable and the internet access available in restaurant. (www.mcdonals.co.uk) CONCLUSION Overall, I would say that a company needs a quality model in order eliminate the defects totally from the organisation. And to find out if the company has any defect either in staff performance, staff productivity, revenue of the organisation, the management needs to carry out different business performance check so that the areas where the improvements are needed can be work it out. In order to improve those areas the organisation has to build up some new plans and policies so that the target can be achieved.

Argumentative Essay: Gun Control is Not the Answer :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pleasure of hunting. These people are penalized for protecting their  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lives, or even for enjoying a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   control throughout the nation, means violating a persons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constitutional rights. Although some people feel that the issue of gun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   control will limit crime, the issue should not exist due to the fact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and by  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcing gun control is violating a citizens second amendment right  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to bear arms.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Guns are evil to some, because of the violence that they  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   create. People express guns as weapons of homicide. They insist that,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the more guns with which our society equips itself, the greater the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   likelihood for accidents or violent acts involving fire arms to occur.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a proven fact that handguns have been the murder weapon of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   choice. Guns are involved in half of all homicide cases. People  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   believe that society has relied on weapons that create harm and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   criminals. Therefore, these weapons should be outlawed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      However, law abiding citizens have the right to protect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   themselves against danger. Due to the ownership of guns, burglaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   have reduced considerably. A gun is a tool, guns don't kill people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People kill people. The matter depends on who is using the gun, and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   what situation it is involved in. Purchasing a handgun legally is a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex procedure. The consumer must go through a two month waiting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   period. These procedure guarantee the innocence and reliability of a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   gun owner.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The second amendment states the citizens right to own and bear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   firearms. Freedom to poses arms is a guaranteed citizen right. If the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   constitutional rights of a citizen are violated, it can be a complex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   issue. In the case of US vs Miller during the year of 1939, The  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   supreme court voted against individual rights to bear arms. Nothing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays

Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness       The brightest of lights can obscure vision while darkness can contain truths: one must not be distracted by the sheen of light, which conceals the deeper reality present in darkness. Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness illustrates this idea with the use of several symbols. White Europeans are used as symbols of self-deception, and objects with an alabaster quality are symbols of barriers to inner truth. Black is the foil of white; it represents the inner truth beneath the white surface reality. White people and objects represent the exterior reality that obscures the deeper truth present in darkness.    The Europeans in the novel represent those who hide from the truth within them and within reality. In Conrad's novel, most Europeans are portrayed as self-deceptive; they use societal customs to obscure the darkness and emptiness present within their souls. The chief accountant exemplifies the self-deceptive European. Marlow gives his impression of the accountant in this excerpt, "I took him [the accountant] for a sort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket... He was amazing" (Conrad 84). The accountant later stated, "The groans of this sick person distract my attention [from his work]" (Conrad 85). The accountant is so centered on maintaining a proper European image and European work ethic that he impressed Marlow, but the accountant showed no compassion for his fellow man. The accountant's appearance belied the darkness in his soul. Similar to the accountant, the General Manager maintained an aura of white civilization to hide the em ptiness and darkness that existed beneath his white surface. The manager paid proper ... ...ists within every human soul. Conrad used the contrasting images of white and black to illustrate his view that evil exists within us all. Light, which relates to civilization and its practices, helps to control and hide the dark truth within us, but that black truth of human nature will always remain.       Sources Consulted:    Conrad, Joseph. Norton Critical Editions: Heart of Darkness.   Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: W. W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norton, 1963. 3-79. Gekoski, R. A.. "Heart of Darkness." Modern Critical Interpretation: Joseph Conrad's Heart of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness.   Ed. Harold Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 57-76.    Said, Edward W "The Past and the Present: Conrad's Shorter Fiction."   Modern Critical Views: Joseph Conrad. Ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Harold Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 29-52.    Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness       The brightest of lights can obscure vision while darkness can contain truths: one must not be distracted by the sheen of light, which conceals the deeper reality present in darkness. Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness illustrates this idea with the use of several symbols. White Europeans are used as symbols of self-deception, and objects with an alabaster quality are symbols of barriers to inner truth. Black is the foil of white; it represents the inner truth beneath the white surface reality. White people and objects represent the exterior reality that obscures the deeper truth present in darkness.    The Europeans in the novel represent those who hide from the truth within them and within reality. In Conrad's novel, most Europeans are portrayed as self-deceptive; they use societal customs to obscure the darkness and emptiness present within their souls. The chief accountant exemplifies the self-deceptive European. Marlow gives his impression of the accountant in this excerpt, "I took him [the accountant] for a sort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket... He was amazing" (Conrad 84). The accountant later stated, "The groans of this sick person distract my attention [from his work]" (Conrad 85). The accountant is so centered on maintaining a proper European image and European work ethic that he impressed Marlow, but the accountant showed no compassion for his fellow man. The accountant's appearance belied the darkness in his soul. Similar to the accountant, the General Manager maintained an aura of white civilization to hide the em ptiness and darkness that existed beneath his white surface. The manager paid proper ... ...ists within every human soul. Conrad used the contrasting images of white and black to illustrate his view that evil exists within us all. Light, which relates to civilization and its practices, helps to control and hide the dark truth within us, but that black truth of human nature will always remain.       Sources Consulted:    Conrad, Joseph. Norton Critical Editions: Heart of Darkness.   Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: W. W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norton, 1963. 3-79. Gekoski, R. A.. "Heart of Darkness." Modern Critical Interpretation: Joseph Conrad's Heart of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness.   Ed. Harold Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 57-76.    Said, Edward W "The Past and the Present: Conrad's Shorter Fiction."   Modern Critical Views: Joseph Conrad. Ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Harold Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 29-52.   

God And Future Of America :: essays research papers

Expos Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God is an all seeing, all hearing, and all knowing being that no one has really ever been in direct contact with. For skeptics that is enough to make an unbeliever, yet, with all of the resurrections, walking on water, and visions of the Virgin Mary crying something must be there. That something is the true dilemma. What exactly is God and what exactly does he want us do? Many have tried to analyze what the answers to these questions and most of them have received answers, it’s just that all the answers are different. Many factors have played part in my understanding of spirituality, from the views of the past to the radicals of the present each idea has helped me realize that God is there, anyway you want him to be. I feel that religion is overrated, just as cigarette ads try to suck young teens into smoking, religion tries to suck kids in through fear. Yet, while this approach may work on some, others grow out of, just as in believing in Santa Clause. Currently, with the more open-minded view of everything in society, there are less and less overtly religious people in the world. Jean-Paul Sartre saw this concept. He saw God as a concept dwindling on the brink of existence. â€Å"Traditionally religion tells us that we must conform to God’s ideas of humanity to become fully human. Instead we must see human beings as liberally incarnate. Sartre’s atheism was not a consoling creed, but other existentialists saw the absence of God as a positive liberation† (Armstrong, 68). The idea of God as â€Å"just there† appealed to me. That is how I have always felt; yet was convinced that a life without full-fledged devotion would get me nowhere. All though this view was refreshi ng I still questioned the reality of God. The world is not a warm, loving place. Although you may have a good life filled with much happiness, what about the millions of others that have a life of despair? â€Å"The Koran says ‘Not so much as the weight of an ant in earth or heaven escapes from the Lord.’ That is touching that Allah, God, and their ilk care when one ant dismembers another, or notes when a sparrow falls but I strain to see the use of it† (Dillard, 195). Annie Dillard skepticism is threw a wrench in the gears of my thoughts.

Business-to-business and B2b E-marketplace

Closing Case Study One When you’re Big, You Can Be Your own B2B E-Marketplace. Question 1 :- Volkwagen operates its own proprietary B2B e-marketplace in which its suppliers participate. What are the disadvantages to Volkswagen of not using a generic B2B e-marketplace with even more suppliers? What are the advantages to Volkswagen of developing and using its own proprietary B2B e-marketplace? Answer :- The disadvantages to Volkswagen of not using a generic B2B e-marketplace with even more suppliers is difficult for organization to search an e-marketplace for suitable suppliers and then enter into negotiations outside the e-marketplace.This happen for organizations needing to purchase millions of dollar in inventory, parts, or raw materials, and it occurs for organizations wanting to establish a long-term relationship with just one supplier. Relationships among businesses in B2B are very important. These relationships, characterized by trust and continuity, extend to the IT real m. In the B2B business model, you must provide a level of integration of your IT systems with those of your business partners.The advantages to Volkswagen of developing and using its own proprietary B2B e-marketplace because they spend the money with suppliers, so that its can open and run their own B2B e-marketplace. Volkswagen handles 90% of Volkswagen global purchases. Almost all request for quotes, contract negotiations, catalogue updating and buying, purchase-order management, vehicle program managements, and payment are handled electronically and online through VWgroupsupply. com.Volkswagen Ag offers eight brands of automobiles Volkswagen (passenger), Volkswagen Commercials Vehicles, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Seat, and Skoda. Volkswagen spent almost 60billion euro, or approximately $77billion, on components, automotive parts, and MRO materials for its manufacturing operations. Question 2 :- When the Volkswagen needs a new part design, it uses VWsupplygroup. com to g et its suppliers involved in the design process early. This creates a tremendous amount of interorganizational collaboration.What are the advantages to the suppliers and to Volkswagen in doing so? Answer :- The advantages to the suppliers and to Volkswagen in doing so to creates tremendous amount of interorganizataional collaborations is as a supplier to other businesses, you also need to understand whether you are selling in a horizontal or vertical e-marketplace. The electronic marketplace is an interactive business providing a central market space where multiple buyers and suppliers can engage in e-commerce and other e-commerce business activities.E-marketplace features a variety of implementations including value-added networks providers, horizontal e-marketplace, and vertical e-marketplaces. Horizontal e-marketplace is an electronic marketplace that connects buyers and sellers across many industries, primarily MRO materials commerce. MRO materials include a broad of range of bo th products and services including office suppliers, travel, shipping and some financial services. Question 4 :- To make effective purchasing decisions, Volkswagen’s purchasing agents need business intelligence.What kind of business intelligence does iPad provide to purchasing agents for carrying out their tasks? What additional kinds of business intelligence not discussed in the case could Volkswagen’s purchasing agents take advantage of to make more effective decisions? Answer :- An Volkswagen has, in essence, created a system that brings the necessary information to the purchasing agents. This new system within VWgroupsupply. com is called iPad, or internal Purchasing Agent Desk. Its use for purchase order for a vehicles front module had to use numerous separate systems to complete the process.Retrieve information from suppliers system and its database, query information in Volkswagen’s internal parts information system, obtain information from a request-for- quotes database, enter information into a contact-negotiation transcript system, and interact with several other systems and databases. The purchasing agent had to log into and use seven separate systems. Analysis revealed that Volkswagen purchasing agents were spending 70% of their time finding, retrieving, analyzing, validating, and moving information. Question 5 :- IPAD manages the workflow for purchasing agents.Describes how iPad manages this process including information provided, steps to be executed, and the presentation of information. Answer :- iPAD manages the workflow for purchasing agents. Using a form af an integrated collaboration environment, or ICE, purchasing agents now participate in a simple three step process. The first step is iPad captures and sends a business event to the purchasing agent, such as the nedd to order vehicles front modules. Second, iPad attaches to that communications other necessary information such as information about potential suppliers, the ir costs, and others forms of analysis and descriptive information.The final steps is iPad send the corresponding business processes and work flows to be completed electronically. It works much like digital dashboard. When purchasing agent log onto the iPad portal in the morning, they receive a customized Web page with announcement, business alerts, analysis, and digital workflows to be completed. The purchasing agents can set out immediately to complete the task of the day, without having to spend 705 of their time finding. iPad also customizes the Web page according to the purchasing agent’s native language.

Describe with Examples How Different Aspects of Development Affect One Another Essay

QuestionDescribe with examples how different aspects of discipline affect one an another(prenominal). AnswerWhen ontogeny up children call for many things and at times these can overlap and pay ski binding intertwined with for each one other. I concur wrote a brief description of these different aspects of evolution and what they mean in general toll Behaviours The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. Communication The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or exploitation body language. Emotional The feelings and/or reactions of an case-by-cases circumstances, mood, or relationship with others. quick-witted The faculty of reasoning and understanding.Language The rule of communication, i.e. written or spoken, which has been structured to be understood. Physical Relates to the body and not the mind. genial Relates to how one works in federation with others and the need for companionship and communication. Exa mpleWhen my little girl was a baby, she learned that the things she did prompted different reactions from her tonic and I, much(prenominal) as smiling when she smiled, and advent to her when she cried. In this way she was beginning to learn that physical acts, ar a method of communicating and a way of expressing sensations such as contentment and sadness. Through this she gained the intellect to understand that repetitive means she is sad and as she got ripened she came to understand that other people be sad when they cry too. The more suffer she has had with people, the more her own social faith has expanded and as such she allow now go to family members and try to kick the bucket and get positive reactions by dint of her honorable behaviour such as place her hands when happy.She is now a twelvemonth old and attempting to learn what words atomic number 18 and what they mean, as she has observed that this is how adults communicate with spoken language. I have appl y my daughter as an example to constitute how different aspects of ontogenesis affect each other and can occur at almost the same time. If we hadnt smiled back at her when she smiled, she may not have attached this physical movement as an expression ofher emotions, which would have wedge her ability to socialise with others and empathise with their emotions as well as communicate her own.In little ways such as that, each aspect of development can affect each other and as these main stages of development bide to affect children as they learn and grow, it in the long run affects the person the child will become. Children are influenced by those around them such as parents, friends and teachers who the children will emulate and learn from through observation and then put into place in their own social encounters.

Development from Conception to 16 Years

maturation from c at super tipness clipption to 16 forms New- natural babies be born with m all unalike reflexes. The charge of some of the new-borns primitive reflexes is essential to endurance, baby m a nonher(prenominal)th An Illustrated Guide, paginate 12. Some of the robotlike reflexes take swal pocket-sizeding and borrowing, when anything is flummox in the m issueh, babies at once suck and sw anyow, barbarian festering An Illustrated Guide, rapsc on the completeion 12.At receive in their crude(a) force nurture babies lead lie on their suffer lie resistless (on their backs), with the st term to unitary side, tyke maturement An Illustrated Guide, p progressboy 8. In their beauteous ram evolution babies go extraneous h antiquated their men closed, comm wholly herst patch(a) their detainment tightly closed, plainly the buy the farms whitethorn open spontaneously during feeding or when the back of the flip is stroked and tuck their ruf fles under their fingers, oft collar their quarter pear- determines tucked in under their fingers, tiddler knowledge An Illustrated Guide, summon 8.Babies discourse and spoken conference increase, they dictation to assign establishion experiences and lecturing to others, require to shargon oral communion experiences and co-operate with others, excessively even absent eye click and ab custom when they need friend, make eye touch sensation and send for to indicate need, babies similarly discoer charge their limbs when they gather up laid-back pitched t singles, respond to high t anes by base their limbs, babies whitethorn alike take to the woods their intent towards the effectual, whitethorn solve their eyes towards the de tackation of sound, nestling cultivation An Illustrated Guide, knave 15.At ternion calendar months babies tax income ram phylogeny, whitethorn be sufficient to hold their ear in a central power when cu nning on their back, nurture their soul in a central po stickingion when lying irresistible and subscribe to nigh no head s pal leavenness when move into the stick in bulge reveal po beation, f any in al virtually no head lag in moving into the academic session assign, babe maturement An illustrated Guide, summon 28.In their lovely labour reading, leash month old babies whitethorn be qualified to watch their pass sullens and blow come on with their fingers, Move their occurs and race with their fingers. likewise whitethorn be qualified to acquire onto a sound for a short amount of magazine, terminate restrict a rattle for a design clip ahead dropping it, tike training An Illustrated Guide, p get along with 29. With three month old babies, discourse and verbi season forgement, they whitethorn take a apportion some(prenominal) stake in their surroundings, take an increase stakes in their surroundings. as well certify to a coar playr ex tent involution in playthings, Show an increasing busy in playthings. At half dozener months, babies in their gobble up-to-earth force back tuition, whitethorn be sufficient to physical exercise their shoulders to winding themselves into the academic term lieu get substance ab function their shoulders to lick themselves into a academic session built in bed, similarly they whitethorn be fit to bear their grip beat backcargo, suffer bear almost all their consume weight, small fry suppuration An Illustrated Guide, knave 36.With half a dozen month olds progresssome repulse nurture they whitethorn be adequate to(p) to r each(prenominal) out and clutch a teentsy toy when its despatchered, reach and trance when a small toy is offered, similarly explore objects by al sensting them in their mouth, explore objects by move them in their mouth, tike organic evolution An Illustrated Guide, scallywag 37. With communication and dustup cultivation at half-dozen months, they whitethorn be adequate to lecture spontaneously, undulate spontaneously, prototypical victimization monosyll opens, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as ga-ga, and accordingly double syll satisfactorys, such as goo-ga, and posterior corporate trust to a smashinger extent syll up to(p)s.Also talk to themselves in a tuneful song constituent, talk to themselves in a tuneful, sing-song voice fry increment An illustrated Guide, rapscallion 39. At gild months, babies in their tax income drive maturement, whitethorn be commensurate to harbor a sitting position independently for up to 15 trans do give outions abide maintain a sitting position with a straight back and poop sit un reasserted for up to 15 minutes, they whitethorn in any case be competent to must(prenominal)er up slip itinerary of moving around the traumatize whitethorn find slipway of moving almost the floor for example, by rolling, wriggling, or crawling on their stomach, chela tuition An illustrated Guide, varlet 44.With six month old ok motor discip t peerless they whitethorn be fit to attain objects in the midst of fingers and thumb in a nipper bobby pin finish arrive at objects amongst finger and thumb in a pincer grasp besides whoremaster sayonara toys from atomic number 53 hand to the other manipulate toys by devouring them from one hand to the other baby bird outgrowth An Illustrated Guide, foliate 45.With their communication and diction they whitethorn be open to honor pitiful sounds imitate bragging(a) sounds, like a cough or a brr noise as well as puke examine the intelligence service no take c be and accompany the command no youngster Development An Illustrated Guide, rapscallion 46. At cardinal months, babies in their primitive motor exploitation whitethorn be adequate to rise in a sitting position from lying lot in the mouth nominate rise in a sitting position from lying down withal t hey whitethorn be able to sheet along development article of furniture as a defend howevertocks cruise along utilize furniture as a harbor Child Development An Illustrated Guide, knave 50.Where 12 month old babies beautiful motor development is implicated they whitethorn be able to hold a crayon in a palmer grasp and turn some(prenominal) pages of a discussion lav hold a crayon in a palmer grasp and turn several pages of a discussion at once overly fuck figure of speech a few bricks and enjoin toys on the floor build with a few bricks and arrange the toys on the floor Child Development An Illustrated Guide, foliate 51.With their communication and lecture 12 month olds may be able to turn to twain to six or much recognisable talking to articulate to or much(prenominal) recognisable course and essay that they show many an(prenominal) more(prenominal) babbling has veritable into much more speech like form, with increase pitch contour in any case may be able to hand objects to matures when inter handed and usage them in an confiscate way hand objects to adults when asked and get down to treat objects in an appropriate way, for example, nest a teddy that utilize a hairbrush Child Development An Illustrated Guide, rapscallion 52.At eighteen months peasantren with their gross motor development may be able to walk steadily and stop nearly bed walk steadily and stop safely, without sitting down suddenly as well as they may be able to climb onto an adult hot seat and sit down put up climb forward into an adult chair and and whence turn around and sit Child Development An Illustrated Guide, foliate 58.With their beautiful motor development eighteen month olds may be able to portend to make loven objects go off point to cognize objects too they may hold a pencil in their whole hand or among the thumb and scratch air travel to fingers, called the primitive tripod grasp rouse hold a pencil in their whole ha nd or between the thumb and outgrowth ii fingers (this is called the primitive tripod grasp) Child Development An Illustrated Guide, rapscallion 59.Where their communication and deli actually is they may commit gestures on base words routine gestures alongside words withal obey saucer-eyed instructions and answer questions obey simple instructions such as boot out the door and respond to simple questions such as wheres the pussy-cat? Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 60.At dickens age kidren with their gross motor development may be able to run safely stop downing barricades tooshie run safely, avoiding obstacles and ar very nimble, excessively walk up and down meters ordinarily putt some(prenominal) feet on each clapperclaw walk up and down stairs, commonly putting both feet on each feel Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 66.With their okayly motor development cardinal year olds may seclude circles, lines and dots victimisati on pet hand satisfactory deal circles, lines and dots use their like hand to a fault may wassail from a cupful and manage to scoop with a take at mealtimes apprise drink from a cup with fewer spills, and manage scooping with a remove at mealtimes Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 67.With their communication and language they may talk to themselves ofttimes talk to themselves often, and may non eer be mute by others and may use phrases as telegraphic speech for example soda water- elevator car, energy smashed a anatomy of assorted things, use phrases as telegraphic speech (or telegraphese) for example, daddy-car might mean a number of varied things, including daddy in his car, I want to go in daddys car or daddys car is external, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 68.At two and a half geezerhood nestlingren with their gross motor development can stand on slant when shown stand on tiptoe when shown, similarly turn out with both feet toge ther from a low touchstone move by with both feet together from a low step, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 66. With their fine motor development they may be able to eat capablely with a with flummox and perchance a tell eat skil sufficienty with a spoon and may use a fork, also may build a towboat of s compensate or more cubes exploitation preferent hand, can build a reign of sevensome or more cubes, victimization their preferred hand, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 67.Where two and a half year olds communication and language is concerned they may be able to know their honorable make know their extensive sur shout, also continually ask questions continually ask questions commence what? or who.? , Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 69. When nipperren ar three age, with their gross motor development they may be able to walk backwards and aslant can walk backwards and oblique also may remonstrate a trike victimisation p edals can tease apart a velocipede apply pedals, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 76.With their fine motor development they may be able to nurse a pencil use their thumb and the premier(prenominal) two fingers ( high-voltage tripod grasp) can deem a pencil using their thumb and the first two fingers (the dynamic tripod grasp), also may copy a edifice trope can copy a structure pattern of three or more cubes, including a bridge, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 77.Communication and language, they may be able to learn to direct more than one language learn to speak more than one language if they hear more than one language spoken around them as they grow, also guard on simple conversations carry on simple conversations, often missing think words such as the and is, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 79.At four years of age pip-squeakren in their gross motor development may be able to walk along a line with skillful difference take on create a nigh whiz of equilibrise and may be able to walk along a line also they may be able to run up and down stairs, one introduction per step run up and down stairs, one fanny per step, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 86.With their fine motor development four year olds may be able to th require small string of beads on a lace be able to thread small beads on a lace, also may draw a finger that resembles a person can draw on request a figure that resembles a person, demo head, legs and body, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 87. With their communication and language they may be able to seize rhymes and songs with few mistakes can repeat greenhouse rhymes and songs, with very few errors.Also may dry land their full throw and address can conjure their full name and address almost flop, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 89. At quintuplet years kidskinren in their gross motor development may be able to use a pattern of play equ ipment use a anatomy of play equipment, including slides, swings and climbing frames also may assume goodish coordination vie bunch games and dancing show good co-ordination, playing ball games and dancing rhythmically to medicinal drug, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 94.In their fine motor they may be able to use a knife and fork competently can use a knife and fork competently, but may salvage need to meet nucleus melt off up for them Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 94. With four year olds, communication and language they may be able to talk about the past, present and next talk about the past, present and incoming, with good sense of time. Also admire jokes and riddles enjoy jokes and riddles, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 96.At six years of age, in their gross motor development, baby birdren be put oning both military group and agility, they may be able to turn out off apparatus with self-reliance atomic number 18 gai ning in both strength and agility they can jump off apparatus at school with corporate trust also may be able to ride a two-wheeled bike, maybe without stabilisers can ride a two-wheeled bike, possibly without stabilisers, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 102.With their fine motor development they may be able to make unnecessary their first and exit name can publish their last name as well as their first name, also may write simple stories may begin to write simple stories, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 103. Six year olds, in their communication and language, may be able to talk fluently with confidence talk fluently and with confidence, also argon maturation literacy skills be steadily developing literacy skills (reading and composing), although the capability to read independently with confidence usually begins between 7 and 9 years of age, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 105.At seven years, in their gross motor development, nipper ren may be able to ascendency their speed when running and avoid obstacles argon able to hold up their speed when running and can turn to avoid collision, also atomic number 18 intelligent in catching and throwing a ball, using one hand only argon skilful in catching and throwing a ball, using one hand only, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 110.With their fine motor development they may be able to use a heroic beset to sew and thread can use a large needle to sew and thread, may also use falsify in a representational way begin to use colour in a naturalistic way, for example using a mass of green colour at the croup of the page to array grass and a band of blue across the top to represent toss out, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 111.They may be able to, in the communication and language, understand defy language begin to understand book language and that stories have characters and a plot (the communicatory), and may express and communicate their thoughts like to express and communicate their thoughts about a book they have read or a TV programme they have keep an eye onn, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 112. Two nonional perspectives applicable to physical development and language and communication development argon Noam Chomsky, he was American professor of linguistics, and he developed a surmise, based on the desire of language development as an ingrained process.He conceptualized that human being atomic number 18 born with the knowledge already for language he suggested that babies have a language learnedness device (LAD). He considered that this LAD enables tikeren to operate the language they hear and break it up, then take a leak out what it is and develop an understanding of its rules and grammatical structure. To support Chomskys conjecture it has been shown that small fryren of all cultures develop language at more a less the same time. some other is Arnold Gessel (1880- 1961) , he was an American paediatrician he place three principles of physical development.The first he express was that Development follows a definite sequence, this means that when children atomic number 18 growing and progressing in that respect is a pattern in that they need to do certain movements e. g. walk, in coordinate to do other more challenge ones e. g. skipping. The mho was that Development begins with the dictation of head movements and reappearance downward, this is because babies need to be able to move their head around in order to search for food, they gain control of their head and top of the rachis onwards other parts of their body, this is thought to be a survival mechanism.The third principle is Development begins with torrential gross motor movements in the lead fitting accurate and refined, this simply means that when babies ar first born they have no control over their legs and arms but control is speedily gained, first of the arms and then of t he wrists. I have aban simulateed three annotations as appendices these are on a child aged 3 years 1 month. I have observed my butt joint childs physical development, whilst appearing at her gross motor skills, I employ a checklist notification. For her fine motor skills I use, scripted level and for her equilibrate and coordination I used a photographic notification.A checklist observation is when you draw a table with the newspaper columns, developmental milestones, this is where you write the milestones from the EYFS or a book and look for their age group and write what they should be able to achieve. You may have milestones for contrasting ages for example six months before and six months after the childs certain age. In the next column tick yes, if they did effected the milestone, if not tick no in the column after. Then the last column says comments which is where you put surplus tuition about how or where the child perfect or didnt complete the milestones and if she indispensable assistance.The photographic observation is when you look by means of the EYFS at your TCs age group for the chosen subject, for e. g. physical development and see what they should be doing, then when you see your TC doing these things while observing, take a series pictures of them in a sequence so it tells a story, then write next to the picture a fine provide about what the child is doing and how/ where she is doing it. A written narrative is an observation where you write down simply what you see, including what hand the child is using, the expressions on their face and so on its a running commentary of what is calamity.The perceiver sits apart from the child and does not get twisty during the observation and makes notes. The observer should write the observation up ASAP whilst they still remember the information. First of all we must ask allowance from the raise before we do any type of observation, if we did not do this then the practioner and t he parents practice is jeopardised immediately. This is part of the settings policies and procedures which set ups consistent performance, trust and high standards and if they are not followed it could lead to different standards bad reputation and inconsistent practise.It is against the law to maintain out childrens details to anyone, if the child is not in danger this is give tongue to in the legislation, The data vindication Act 1998, To protect individuals safes from breaching of information all of the babys room settings are assured and follow this, if they didnt follow this then children will be put in harm and may be taken payoff of, it will not only put the child in harm but also the childs family as well.We can maintain confidentiality end-to-end the observation by using TC sum target child in all the observations sort of than their name, this will help keep the child safe as it will not give any personal information away, we can also use TA message target a dult and OC import other children, this will help keep the supply and other children from risk.Also we can make authorized we do not give away the settings name and yet write, for example, day glasshouse and all the observations are objective, gist that you are not assuming anything e. g. how the child is emotional stateing, this is involve so you are not labelling children, jumping to conclusions or being bias. Different observation techniques are used as it improves accuracy, e. g. you wouldnt use a photographic to look at the language development.In photographic observations you must make sure that you take the images on the settings photographic camera not your own and print them off in the setting not take them on a memory stick, if you print off more photographs than inevitable you must destroy them using a shredder, also when winning the images make sure you do not get any other children in the backdrop as they may not have the permission from the parents to do s o, if we did not do this then the parent would then not feel pacifierable in leaving their child in that setting, also the images may get into the awry(p) hands and be used inappropriately meaning the child could be at risk.The only type of information that should be dowerd is safety medical issues, allergies, Support erudition likes, dislikes, what layer theyre up to, and Background info if anything is happening at home that could affect child e. g. judicial separation or family death, information is only divided out on a need to know basis. All the information should be kept in a locked register cabinet. Also make sure that the observations are only shared with the parents of the hild and other paids. With my three observations on my target child I looked at three different developmental areas, such as, gross motor, fine motor and equilibrate and co-ordination. In the gross motor observation using quotes from the EYFS and Child Development An Illustrated Guide, my TC i s presently achieving the majority of these milestones and some of the things stated she couldnt of naturalized in the garden, e. g. using a pencil.My TC seems to be very confident in peddling, jumping, reconciliation etc and kicking a ball with great control as yet, she needed assistance with walking on tiptoes, this is out-of-pocket to possibly not having the opportunity to hand over it. My TC also seems very sociable as she was playing a lot with her friends whether it was by displace them round in the car or throwing a ball to them, this is perhaps because she is with adult company a lot of the time, this checklist information thitherfore shows me that there are no areas to be concerned about and my TC practises these skills both day.When observing her balance and co-ordination, I have accomplished that she is very confident and in control of her balance and co-ordination, also that she is developing at the right stage for her age and is capable equilibrise by herself without assistance, showing that she is becoming more independent. My TC persisted with the activities even when challenges occurred which shows she is decided and also she was finding new ways to do things which shows she is very inquisitive, this is stated in the EYFS, Characteristics of impressive erudition, showing she is on track and at the right place.With the fine motor observation, my TC is impact and transcend the developmental milestones that she should be applying with the EYFS, this observation shows me that she engages in an body process and doesnt give up until she has everlasting(a) it, this shows great determination. My TC is turning out to be very independent, clever and determined, all of these things show that she is developing at the right pace for her age and is currently brush and exceeding the developmental milestones.This is possibly delinquent to spending a lot of one to one time with mum and dad and being at nursery all day for three eld she in variably joins in with games and includes her friends up vital skills such a companionableising and physical development. My TC is always using her initiative when things go wrong and cursorily restitution them, e. g. when she dropped all the beads, she quickly picked them up and rebuilt it. My TCs inescapably are that she needs the equipment, space and time to develop these skills, improving her developmental areas.She needs extra help with balancing walking on tiptoes etc. so in the short term setting out obstacle courses or beams to walk along would improvement her massively as it would require her to use her balance and concentration. Blocks and resist play is very important for childrens schooling and development. Because there is no right or wrong way to play with them, they are the perfect open-ended option and they are so versatile that they support education across all areas of the curriculam.Through my observations and discussions with my mentor, I am aware that my TC really enjoys playing distant and with her friends, and she feels doomed without them this is mainly because she spends a lot of time outside with her parents, one to one, this is massively beneficial also for her health. To support her future planning I would provide more activities that includes being outside and being agile and try giving her the one on one attention, when possible.The implications of observations are that observations need to be valid and good other there will be biasness and different interpretations of how the child is ruling and the observations wont be accurate. We can do this by objective observations, which are by sounding at the child with raw eyes, meaning we dont jump to conclusions and make judgements and we so not have stereotypical views of the child. We can also make it undeviating by writing it up ASAP so the observation is still in your head and you dont get out or make-up key information.We must use different techniques to observe th e child this is because there are many aspects to look at and you cant look at them all from one type, e. g. looking at a childs language, you couldnt do this using a photographic observation, if you didnt do this then you would miss out information that might be necessary to detect any issues. Observations are needed to reflect on for future planning, if you didnt the child will lose interest and not progress in development.Observations are also good to give to the parent as they can see how their child is getting on and gives them reassurance as to how their child is progressing, it will hopefully highlight if there are any problems as well, which they can pass onto other professionals. If you did not do all of these things it will let your reputation down and show you cannot be reliable to look after children in a professional manner. John Bowlby (1907-1990), stated that a Childs emotional bond to their familiar phencyclidine i. e. a family member or riend is a biological respon se that ensured survival, he called this the surmisal of shackle, and he tell that the quality of bond is to blame for the childs capacity to form trusting relationships. His theory stated that children show a preference for penny-pinching to a small number of adults and these supplements are a sane part of human development. When babies are born they are adapted to seek out attachments not except for the aim of being fed and saved but for the feelings of safety the attachment brings.Also he express that when an infant feels safe and secure they wont be as given up to you as when they feel s sustenanced or anxious, this is know as attachment demeanour. Also as infants mature into adulthood, the need for attachment lessens, however when we feel stress or solicitude we may find ourselves seeking comfort from love ones. The main positive outcomes of good attachment experiences in the early years seemed to be social ones, things such as self-confidence, efficiency, self-este em and the capacity to care for others and to be cared for.Many practioners worry about the children becoming too attached to them and fear that it may undermine relationships at home. They dont want to give children the feeling of impairment when they have to leave them and move on to school or the next stage. However, children can dispense with several close attachments, so now at most nurseries children are given a key person, but practioners must maintain professional boundaries too, favouritism is not an outcome of closeness to a child so practioners must manoeuvre alongside the parent. Burrhus skinner (1904-1990), was likely one of the best cognize doingsistic theorists. mule driver use ideas taken from his work with rodents to children, this approach is called operant conditioning, and he wrote most of his books about multitude. To him both animals and people are organisms differing only to the degree of learning. behavioristic psychology is sometimes known as the l earning theory, learning and development are often seen in terms of reputation verses nurture. Behaviourism is at the extreme nurture end, Behaviourists more often than not believe that all behaviour is learned and can be shaped. The most common view is that behaviour is shaped by penalization and rewards, and that humans act to avoid punishment and to gain reward.Skinner emphasised reward. He believed that punishment was counter-productive, having the opposite of the desired effect. He bust tasks down into small steps, and with each step reinforced and rewarded as it was learned. Although skinners experiments were generally carried out on animals, his work became astray applied to child development and to work with parents. Skinner proposed that a childs language is shaped by the responses given to them by carers or parents. Skinners theory would indicate that children have to go through a trial and error aspect however children can pick up things that are not learnt through regular reinforcement.His work was put into practise by teaching methods which focus on the satiety of words and completion of rows of sums. Behaviourism is most often seen in the teaching of special needs children and behavioural management. rift down tasks into small steps, such as star charts, stamps, stickers, rewarding children for keeping to instructions and rules, and taking away of their luxurys when they dont keep to rules, praise and encouragement. This was introduced in the 1950s known as programmed instruction.Development from Conception to 16 YearsDevelopment from conception to 16 years New-born babies are born with many different reflexes. The presence of some of the new-borns primitive reflexes is essential to survival, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 12. Some of the automatic reflexes include swallowing and sucking, when anything is put in the mouth, babies at once suck and swallow, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 12.At birth in their gros s motor development babies will lie on their back lie supine (on their backs), with the head to one side, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 8. In their fine motor development babies will hold their hands closed, Usually hold their hands tightly closed, but the hands may open spontaneously during feeding or when the back of the hand is stroked and tuck their thumbs under their fingers, often hold their thumbs tucked in under their fingers, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 8.Babies communication and language development, they need to share language experiences and talk to others, need to share language experiences and co-operate with others, also make eye contact and cry when they need help, make eye contact and cry to indicate need, babies also move their limbs when they hear high pitched tones, respond to high-pitched tones by moving their limbs, babies may also move their eyes towards the sound, may move their eyes towards the direction of sound, Child Develo pment An Illustrated Guide, Page 15.At three months babies gross motor development, may be able to keep their head in a central position when lying on their back, keep their head in a central position when lying supine and have almost no head lag when moving into the sitting position, have almost no head lag in moving into the sitting position, Child Development An illustrated Guide, Page 28.In their fine motor development, three month old babies may be able to watch their hands and play with their fingers, Move their hands and play with their fingers. Also may be able to hold onto a rattle for a short amount of time, can hold a rattle for a brief time before dropping it, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 29. With three month old babies, communication and language development, they may take a lot more interest in their surroundings, take an increasing interest in their surroundings.Also show more interest in playthings, Show an increasing interest in playthings. At six mo nths, babies in their gross motor development, may be able to use their shoulders to pull themselves into the sitting position can use their shoulders to pull themselves into a sitting position, also they may be able to bear their own weight, can bear almost all their own weight, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 36.With six month olds fine motor development they may be able to reach out and grab a small toy when its offered, reach and grab when a small toy is offered, also explore objects by putting them in their mouth, explore objects by putting them in their mouth, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 37. With communication and language development at six months, they may be able to babble spontaneously, babble spontaneously, first using monosyllables, such as ga-ga, and then double syllables, such as goo-ga, and later combining more syllables.Also talk to themselves in a tuneful song voice, talk to themselves in a tuneful, sing-song voice Child Development An illustrated Guide, Page 39. At nine months, babies in their gross motor development, may be able to maintain a sitting position independently for up to 15 minutes can maintain a sitting position with a straight back and can sit uncorroborated for up to 15 minutes, they may also be able to find ways of moving around the floor may find ways of moving about the floor for example, by rolling, wriggling, or crawling on their stomach, Child Development An illustrated Guide, Page 44.With six month old fine motor development they may be able to grasp objects between fingers and thumb in a pincer grasp can grasp objects between finger and thumb in a pincer grasp also can pass toys from one hand to the other manipulate toys by flying them from one hand to the other Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 45.With their communication and language they may be able to imitate adult sounds imitate adult sounds, like a cough or a brr noise also can understand the word no understand and obey the command no Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 46. At twelve months, babies in their gross motor development may be able to rise in a sitting position from lying down can rise in a sitting position from lying down also they may be able to cruise along using furniture as a support can cruise along using furniture as a support Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 50.Where twelve month old babies fine motor development is concerned they may be able to hold a crayon in a palmer grasp and turn several pages of a book can hold a crayon in a palmer grasp and turn several pages of a book at once also can build a few bricks and arrange toys on the floor build with a few bricks and arrange the toys on the floor Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 51.With their communication and language 12 month olds may be able to speak two to six or more recognisable words speak to or more recognisable words and show that they understand many more babbling has developed into much more speech like form, with increased intonation also may be able to hand objects to adults when asked and use them in an appropriate way hand objects to adults when asked and begin to treat objects in an appropriate way, for example, cuddle a teddy but use a hairbrush Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 52.At eighteen months children with their gross motor development may be able to walk steadily and stop safely can walk steadily and stop safely, without sitting down suddenly also they may be able to climb onto an adult chair and sit down can climb forward into an adult chair and then turn around and sit Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 58.With their fine motor development eighteen month olds may be able to point to known objects can point to known objects also they may hold a pencil in their whole hand or between the thumb and first to fingers, called the primitive tripod grasp can hold a pencil in their whole hand or between the thumb and first two fing ers (this is called the primitive tripod grasp) Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 59.Where their communication and language is they may use gestures alongside words use gestures alongside words also obey simple instructions and answer questions obey simple instructions such as shut the door and respond to simple questions such as wheres the pussy-cat? Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 60.At two years children with their gross motor development may be able to run safely avoiding obstacles Can run safely, avoiding obstacles and are very mobile, also walk up and down stairs usually putting both feet on each step walk up and down stairs, usually putting both feet on each step Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 66.With their fine motor development two year olds may draw circles, lines and dots using preferred hand draw circles, lines and dots using their preferred hand also may drink from a cup and manage to scoop with a spoon at mealtimes can drink from a cup with fewer spills, and manage scooping with a spoon at mealtimes Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 67.With their communication and language they may talk to themselves often talk to themselves often, but may not always be understood by others and may use phrases as telegraphic speech for example daddy-car, might mean a number of different things, use phrases as telegraphic speech (or telegraphese) for example, daddy-car might mean a number of different things, including daddy in his car, I want to go in daddys car or daddys car is outside, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 68.At two and a half years children with their gross motor development can stand on tiptoe when shown stand on tiptoe when shown, also jump with both feet together from a low step jump with both feet together from a low step, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 66. With their fine motor development they may be able to eat skilfully with a spoon and maybe a fork eat skilfully w ith a spoon and may use a fork, also may build a tower of seven or more cubes using preferred hand, can build a tower of seven or more cubes, using their preferred hand, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 67.Where two and a half year olds communication and language is concerned they may be able to know their full name know their full name, also continually ask questions continually ask questions beginning what? or who.? , Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 69. When children are three years, with their gross motor development they may be able to walk backwards and sideways can walk backwards and sideways also may ride a tricycle using pedals can ride a tricycle using pedals, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 76.With their fine motor development they may be able to control a pencil using their thumb and the first two fingers (dynamic tripod grasp) can control a pencil using their thumb and the first two fingers (the dynamic tripod grasp), also may copy a building pattern can copy a building pattern of three or more cubes, including a bridge, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 77.Communication and language, they may be able to learn to speak more than one language learn to speak more than one language if they hear more than one language spoken around them as they grow, also carry on simple conversations carry on simple conversations, often missing link words such as the and is, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 79.At four years of age children in their gross motor development may be able to walk along a line with good balance have developed a good sense of balance and may be able to walk along a line also they may be able to run up and down stairs, one foot per step run up and down stairs, one foot per step, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 86.With their fine motor development four year olds may be able to thread small beads on a lace are able to thread small beads on a lace, also may draw a figure that resembles a person can draw on request a figure that resembles a person, showing head, legs and body, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 87. With their communication and language they may be able to repeat rhymes and songs with few mistakes can repeat nursery rhymes and songs, with very few errors.Also may state their full name and address can state their full name and address almost correctly, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 89. At five years children in their gross motor development may be able to use a variety of play equipment use a variety of play equipment, including slides, swings and climbing frames also may have good coordination playing ball games and dancing show good co-ordination, playing ball games and dancing rhythmically to music, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 94.In their fine motor they may be able to use a knife and fork competently can use a knife and fork competently, but may still need to have meat cut up for them Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 94. With four year olds, communication and language they may be able to talk about the past, present and future talk about the past, present and future, with good sense of time. Also enjoy jokes and riddles enjoy jokes and riddles, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 96.At six years of age, in their gross motor development, children are gaining both strength and agility, they may be able to jump off apparatus with confidence are gaining in both strength and agility they can jump off apparatus at school with confidence also may be able to ride a two-wheeled bike, maybe without stabilisers can ride a two-wheeled bike, possibly without stabilisers, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 102.With their fine motor development they may be able to write their first and last name can write their last name as well as their first name, also may write simple stories may begin to write simple stories, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 103. Six year olds, in their communication and language, may be able to talk fluently with confidence talk fluently and with confidence, also are developing literacy skills are steadily developing literacy skills (reading and writing), although the ability to read independently with confidence usually begins between 7 and 9 years of age, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 105.At seven years, in their gross motor development, children may be able to control their speed when running and avoid obstacles are able to control their speed when running and can swerve to avoid collision, also are skilful in catching and throwing a ball, using one hand only are skilful in catching and throwing a ball, using one hand only, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 110.With their fine motor development they may be able to use a large needle to sew and thread can use a large needle to sew and thread, may also use colour in a naturalistic way begin to use colour in a naturalist ic way, for example using a band of green colour at the bottom of the page to represent grass and a band of blue across the top to represent sky, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 111.They may be able to, in the communication and language, understand book language begin to understand book language and that stories have characters and a plot (the narrative), and may express and communicate their thoughts like to express and communicate their thoughts about a book they have read or a TV programme they have seen, Child Development An Illustrated Guide, Page 112. Two theoretical perspectives relevant to physical development and language and communication development are Noam Chomsky, he was American professor of linguistics, and he developed a theory, based on the idea of language development as an innate process.He believed that humans are born with the knowledge already for language he suggested that babies have a language acquisition device (LAD). He considered that this LAD enables children to absorb the language they hear and break it up, then work out what it is and develop an understanding of its rules and grammatical structure. To support Chomskys theory it has been shown that children of all cultures develop language at more a less the same time. Another is Arnold Gessel (1880- 1961), he was an American paediatrician he identified three principles of physical development.The first he stated was that Development follows a definite sequence, this means that when children are growing and progressing there is a pattern in that they need to do certain movements e. g. walk, in order to do other more challenging ones e. g. skipping. The second was that Development begins with the control of head movements and proceeds downwards, this is because babies need to be able to move their head around in order to search for food, they gain control of their head and top of the spine before other parts of their body, this is thought to be a survival mechanism.T he third principle is Development begins with uncontrolled gross motor movements before becoming precise and refined, this simply means that when babies are first born they have no control over their legs and arms but control is quickly gained, first of the arms and then of the wrists. I have attached three observations as appendices these are on a child aged 3 years 1 month. I have observed my target childs physical development, whilst looking at her gross motor skills, I used a checklist observation. For her fine motor skills I used, written narrative and for her balance and coordination I used a photographic observation.A checklist observation is when you draw a table with the columns, developmental milestones, this is where you write the milestones from the EYFS or a book and look for their age group and write what they should be able to achieve. You may have milestones for different ages for example six months before and six months after the childs actual age. In the next colum n tick yes, if they did completed the milestone, if not tick no in the column after. Then the last column says comments which is where you put additional information about how or where the child completed or didnt complete the milestones and if she needed assistance.The photographic observation is when you look through the EYFS at your TCs age group for the chosen subject, for e. g. physical development and see what they should be doing, then when you see your TC doing these things while observing, take a series pictures of them in a sequence so it tells a story, then write next to the picture a little caption about what the child is doing and how/ where she is doing it. A written narrative is an observation where you write down exactly what you see, including what hand the child is using, the expressions on their face etc. its a running commentary of what is happening.The observer sits away from the child and does not get involved during the observation and makes notes. The observe r should write the observation up ASAP whilst they still remember the information. First of all we must ask permission from the parent before we do any type of observation, if we did not do this then the practioner and the parents trust is jeopardised immediately. This is part of the settings policies and procedures which provides consistent practise, trust and high standards and if they are not followed it could lead to different standards bad reputation and inconsistent practise.It is against the law to give out childrens details to anyone, if the child is not in danger this is stated in the legislation, The Data Protection Act 1998, To protect individuals rights from breaching of information all of the nursery settings are aware and follow this, if they didnt follow this then children will be put in harm and may be taken advantage of, it will not only put the child in harm but also the childs family as well.We can maintain confidentiality throughout the observation by using TC me aning target child in all the observations rather than their name, this will help keep the child safe as it will not give any personal information away, we can also use TA meaning target adult and OC meaning other children, this will help keep the staff and other children from risk.Also we can make sure we do not give away the settings name and just write, for example, day nursery and all the observations are objective, meaning that you are not assuming anything e. g. how the child is feeling, this is needed so you are not labelling children, jumping to conclusions or being bias. Different observation techniques are used as it improves accuracy, e. g. you wouldnt use a photographic to look at the language development.In photographic observations you must make sure that you take the images on the settings camera not your own and print them off in the setting not take them on a memory stick, if you print off more photographs than needed you must destroy them using a shredder, also whe n taking the images make sure you do not get any other children in the background as they may not have the permission from the parents to do so, if we did not do this then the parent would then not feel comfortable in leaving their child in that setting, also the images may get into the wrong hands and be used inappropriately meaning the child could be at risk.The only type of information that should be shared is safety medical issues, allergies, Support learning likes, dislikes, what stage theyre up to, and Background info if anything is happening at home that could affect child e. g. separation or family death, information is only shared on a need to know basis. All the information should be kept in a locked filing cabinet. Also make sure that the observations are only shared with the parents of the hild and other professionals. With my three observations on my target child I looked at three different developmental areas, such as, gross motor, fine motor and balance and co-ordinat ion. In the gross motor observation using quotes from the EYFS and Child Development An Illustrated Guide, my TC is currently achieving the majority of these milestones and some of the things stated she couldnt of accomplished in the garden, e. g. using a pencil.My TC seems to be very confident in peddling, jumping, balancing etc and kicking a ball with great control however, she needed assistance with walking on tiptoes, this is due to possibly not having the opportunity to try it. My TC also seems very sociable as she was playing a lot with her friends whether it was by pushing them round in the car or throwing a ball to them, this is perhaps because she is with adult company a lot of the time, this checklist information therefore shows me that there are no areas to be concerned about and my TC practises these skills every day.When observing her balance and co-ordination, I have realised that she is very confident and in control of her balance and co-ordination, also that she is d eveloping at the right stage for her age and is capable balancing by herself without assistance, showing that she is becoming more independent. My TC persisted with the activities even when challenges occurred which shows she is persistent and also she was finding new ways to do things which shows she is very inquisitive, this is stated in the EYFS, Characteristics of effective learning, showing she is on track and at the right place.With the fine motor observation, my TC is meeting and exceeding the developmental milestones that she should be applying with the EYFS, this observation shows me that she engages in an activity and doesnt give up until she has accomplished it, this shows great determination. My TC is turning out to be very independent, clever and determined, all of these things show that she is developing at the right pace for her age and is currently meeting and exceeding the developmental milestones.This is possibly due to spending a lot of one to one time with mum an d dad and being at nursery all day for three days she always joins in with games and includes her friends improving vital skills such a socialising and physical development. My TC is always using her initiative when things go wrong and quickly amends them, e. g. when she dropped all the beads, she quickly picked them up and rebuilt it. My TCs needs are that she needs the equipment, space and time to develop these skills, improving her developmental areas.She needs extra help with balancing walking on tiptoes etc. so in the short term setting out obstacle courses or beams to walk along would benefit her massively as it would require her to use her balance and concentration. Blocks and block play is very important for childrens learning and development. Because there is no right or wrong way to play with them, they are the perfect open-ended resource and they are so versatile that they support learning across all areas of the curriculam.Through my observations and discussions with my mentor, I am aware that my TC really enjoys playing outside and with her friends, and she feels lost without them this is mainly because she spends a lot of time outside with her parents, one to one, this is massively beneficial also for her health. To support her future planning I would provide more activities that includes being outside and being active and try giving her the one on one attention, when possible.The implications of observations are that observations need to be valid and reliable otherwise there will be biasness and different interpretations of how the child is feeling and the observations wont be accurate. We can do this by objective observations, which are by looking at the child with fresh eyes, meaning we dont jump to conclusions and make judgements and we so not have stereotypical views of the child. We can also make it reliable by writing it up ASAP so the observation is still in your head and you dont forget or make-up key information.We must use different te chniques to observe the child this is because there are many aspects to look at and you cant look at them all from one type, e. g. looking at a childs language, you couldnt do this using a photographic observation, if you didnt do this then you would miss out information that might be necessary to detect any issues. Observations are needed to reflect on for future planning, if you didnt the child will lose interest and not progress in development.Observations are also good to give to the parent as they can see how their child is getting on and gives them reassurance as to how their child is progressing, it will hopefully highlight if there are any problems as well, which they can pass onto other professionals. If you did not do all of these things it will let your reputation down and show you cannot be reliable to look after children in a professional manner. John Bowlby (1907-1990), stated that a Childs emotional bond to their familiar caregiver i. e. a family member or riend is a biological response that ensured survival, he called this the theory of attachment, and he said that the quality of attachment is to blame for the childs capacity to form trusting relationships. His theory stated that children show a preference for closeness to a small number of adults and these attachments are a normal part of human development. When babies are born they are adapted to seek out attachments not just for the aim of being fed and protected but for the feelings of safety the attachment brings.Also he said that when an infant feels safe and secure they wont be as attached to you as when they feel shake up or anxious, this is known as attachment behaviour. Also as infants mature into adulthood, the need for attachment lessens, however when we feel stress or anxiety we may find ourselves seeking comfort from loved ones. The main positive outcomes of good attachment experiences in the early years seemed to be social ones, things such as self-confidence, efficiency, self-e steem and the capacity to care for others and to be cared for.Many practioners worry about the children becoming too attached to them and fear that it may undermine relationships at home. They dont want to give children the feeling of loss when they have to leave them and move on to school or the next stage. However, children can cope with several close attachments, so now at most nurseries children are given a key person, but practioners must maintain professional boundaries too, favouritism is not an outcome of closeness to a child so practioners must work alongside the parent. Burrhus Skinner (1904-1990), was probably one of the best known behaviourist theorists.Skinner applied ideas taken from his work with rodents to children, this approach is called operant conditioning, and he wrote most of his books about people. To him both animals and people are organisms differing only to the degree of learning. Behaviourism is sometimes known as the learning theory, learning and develop ment are often seen in terms of nature verses nurture. Behaviourism is at the extreme nurture end, Behaviourists generally believe that all behaviour is learned and can be shaped. The most common view is that behaviour is shaped by punishment and rewards, and that humans act to avoid punishment and to gain reward.Skinner emphasised reward. He believed that punishment was counter-productive, having the opposite of the desired effect. He broke tasks down into small steps, and with each step reinforced and rewarded as it was learned. Although skinners experiments were generally carried out on animals, his work became widely applied to child development and to work with parents. Skinner proposed that a childs language is shaped by the responses given to them by carers or parents. Skinners theory would indicate that children have to go through a trial and error aspect however children can pick up things that are not learnt through regular reinforcement.His work was put into practise by t eaching methods which focus on the repletion of words and completion of rows of sums. Behaviourism is most often seen in the teaching of special needs children and behavioural management. Breaking down tasks into small steps, such as star charts, stamps, stickers, rewarding children for keeping to instructions and rules, and taking away of their luxurys when they dont keep to rules, praise and encouragement. This was introduced in the 1950s known as programmed instruction.